Category: Contraception

Contraceptive agents: Their Types, Usage, and Effectiveness

JiangRuoan

– Etonogestrel: long-acting synthetic progestin contraceptive used in rings and implants
– Desogestrel: synthetic progestin used in contraception with ethinyl estradiol
– Megestrol acetate: progestin used orally for anorexia, weight loss, and as anticancer agent
– Levonorgestrel: progestin found in oral and IUD contraceptives, emergency contraceptives
– Medroxyprogesterone acetate: progestin used in contraception, amenorrhea, endometriosis, cancer treatment
– Norethisterone: synthetic progestin used for contraception, hormone replacement therapy, endometriosis
– Ethynodiol diacetate: oral contraceptive to prevent pregnancy
– Mifepristone: cortisol receptor blocker used for Cushing’s syndrome and pregnancy termination
– Norgestimate: progesterone used as contraceptive and acne treatment
– Dienogest: oral progestin used for endometriosis treatment and contraception
– Norgestrienone: not annotated
– Estradiol cypionate: estradiol prodrug used for vasomotor symptoms and hypoestrogenisms
– Ormeloxifene: selective estrogen receptor modulator used as non-hormonal contraceptive
– Diethylstilbestrol: used in prostate cancer treatment and prevention of miscarriage
– Cyproterone acetate: used with ethinyl estradiol for severe acne and androgenization symptoms
– Drospirenone: progestin used in oral contraceptive pills
– Hydroxyprogesterone caproate: synthetic progestin to prevent preterm births in women with previous history
– Nomegestrol acetate: used in oral contraceptives, menopausal hormone therapy, treatment of gynecological disorders
– Quingestanol: no annotations or information provided
– Ethinylestradiol: used as a contraceptive
– Ulipristal: selective progesterone receptor modulator used for emergency contraception
– Estradiol valerate: prodrug used for menopause symptoms, hypoestrogenism, prostate cancer treatment, endometriosis, contraception
– Mestranol: synthetic estradiol used in oral contraceptive pills
– Demegestone: progesterone receptor agonist previously used for luteal insufficiency
– Segesterone acetate: hormonal contraceptive to prevent pregnancy
– Norethindrone enanthate: synthetic progestogen used for contraceptive therapy
– Algestone acetophenide: progestin used as an injectable contraceptive in combination with an estrogen
– Chlormadinone acetate: progestin used in combination with an estrogen for birth control
– Ifidancitinib: under investigation for the treatment of atopic dermatitis

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The Untold Facts: Expulsion of IUD Causes, Management

JiangRuoan

– IUD can be partially expelled from the uterus, and the user may not be aware of it.
– The rates of IUD expulsion range between 0.05% and 8%.
– Factors that can affect the possibility of expulsion include age, pregnancy history, time since insertion, and insertion technique.
– Rates of expulsion are higher during the first three months and during periods.
– If experiencing severe pain, abnormal bleeding or discharge, or fever, it is recommended to make an appointment with a healthcare provider.
– Discomfort in the first few days after insertion is normal, but worsening or persistent pain may require medical attention.
– The article provides information about what to do if an IUD (intrauterine device) has been expelled from the body.
– If the IUD is not in its proper place, it may not effectively prevent pregnancy.
– It advises contacting a healthcare provider as soon as possible and making an appointment if there is severe pain, inability to find the strings of the IUD, abnormal string length, or if the IUD can be felt poking out.
– The article recommends a routine check-up after six weeks of IUD insertion to ensure good health.
– The chance of IUD expulsion happening again is slightly higher for women who have experienced it before.
– If an intrauterine device (IUD) falls out, do not try to put it back in and contact a healthcare provider immediately.
– IUD is a small, T-shaped device that provides long-term and effective birth control.
– There are two types of IUDs: hormonal IUDs that release progestin and last three to five years, and copper IUDs that start working immediately and can remain effective for up to 10 years.
– The IUD is inserted by a healthcare provider, usually during the period, and takes around five to 15 minutes.
– Mild discomfort and cramping may be experienced during and after the insertion.
– Reasons for an IUD falling out include being under 20 years old, not having been pregnant, recent childbirth, abortion, experiencing heavy, painful, or prolonged periods, or being on your period.
– The reasons for IUD expulsion are unclear but not associated with exercise, sex, or going to the bathroom.
– Women can check their IUD to ensure it is in place and not starting to fall out.
– Signs that indicate an IUD has moved or been expelled include shorter or longer strings, inability to find the strings, feeling the IUD against the cervix, pain, discomfort, severe cramps, heavy or abnormal bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge, and fever if an infection has occurred.
– Backup birth control should be used, such as condoms, as pregnancy can occur after expulsion.
– The article also suggests alternative forms of birth control such as the pill, patch, ring, and shot, as well as barrier methods.
– Additionally, it mentions other side effects of IUDs, including cramping, irregular bleeding, longer and heavier periods, premenstrual syndrome symptoms, pelvic infection, and rarely, perforation of the uterus.
– IUDs do not protect against sexually transmitted infections.

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IUD: Empowering Women’s Health Through Safe and Effective Birth Control

JiangRuoan

– An IUD is a small T-shaped plastic and copper device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
– When inserted correctly, IUDs are more than 99% effective.
– The IUD releases copper into the womb, altering cervical mucus to make it difficult for sperm to reach an egg and survive.
– It can also prevent a fertilized egg from implanting.
– The IUD can be left in for between 5 and 10 years, depending on the type.
– It can be inserted at any time during the menstrual cycle as long as the person is not pregnant.
– It can be taken out at any time by a trained doctor or nurse, and pregnancy is possible immediately after removal.
– Side effects include potentially heavier, longer, or more painful periods in the first 3 to 6 months, as well as spotting or bleeding between periods.
– There is a small risk of infection or the IUD being pushed out or moved.
– Painkillers can be taken after insertion to manage discomfort.
– It may not be suitable for individuals with previous pelvic infections.
– The IUD does not protect against sexually transmitted infections, so additional methods like condoms may be necessary.
– If an IUD is fitted at age 40 or older, it can be left in until menopause or no longer needing contraception.
– Before insertion, a healthcare professional will check the position and size of the womb and may test for infections and provide antibiotics.
– The fitting process takes about 20 to 30 minutes, with the IUD insertion itself taking around 5 minutes. Local anesthesia can be used for comfort.
– After having an IUD fitted, you may experience period-type cramps and bleeding for a few days.
– It is advised to get the IUD checked by a GP after 3 to 6 weeks.
– Issues such as pain in the lower abdomen, high temperature, or abnormal discharge may indicate an infection.
– An IUD has two thin threads that hang down from the womb into the vagina, and they can be checked to ensure the IUD is in place.
– If the threads cannot be felt or if the IUD has moved, additional contraception should be used and a GP or nurse should be consulted.
– An IUD can be removed by a trained doctor or nurse at any time.
– Additional contraception should be used for 7 days before removing the IUD if not getting another one.
– Most people with a womb can use an IUD, but it may not be suitable for those who are pregnant, have an untreated STI, or have womb or cervix problems.
– Those who have had an ectopic pregnancy or have an artificial heart valve should consult their GP before getting an IUD.
– An IUD can usually be fitted 4 weeks after giving birth, and alternative contraception should be used until then.
– An IUD can be used immediately after giving birth, and it will not affect milk supply.
– An IUD can be fitted immediately after an abortion or miscarriage, providing immediate protection against pregnancy.
– Advantages of using an IUD include long-term pregnancy prevention (5 or 10 years depending on the type), immediate effectiveness, no hormonal side effects, and no interruption of sex.
– Disadvantages of using an IUD include the possibility of heavier, longer, or more painful periods, lack of protection against STIs requiring the use of additional condoms, potential for pelvic infections if not treated, and the possibility of vaginal bleeding and pain.
– Risks of using an IUD include a small chance of pelvic infection within 20 days of insertion, slightly higher chance of recurring thrush, potential rejection or displacement of the IUD by the womb, and rare cases of the IUD making a hole in the womb.
– If an IUD fails and pregnancy occurs, there is a risk of ectopic pregnancy.
– An IUD can be obtained for free from contraception clinics, sexual health or genitourinary medicine clinics, GP surgeries, and some young people’s services.
– Contraception services are free and confidential for individuals under the age of 16.
– If a person under 16 wants contraception, the healthcare professional will not inform their parents or carer as long as they believe the individual fully understands the information and decisions being made.
– Doctors and nurses only disclose information if they believe the individual is at risk of harm, such as abuse.

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Sterilization: A Crucial Method for Ensuring Hygiene

JiangRuoan

– Most medical and surgical devices used in healthcare facilities undergo heat sterilization.
– There has been an increase in medical devices made of materials that require low-temperature sterilization.
– Ethylene oxide gas has been used since the 1950s for heat- and moisture-sensitive medical devices.
– New low-temperature sterilization systems like hydrogen peroxide gas plasma and peracetic acid immersion have been developed in the past 15 years.
– Sterilization destroys all microorganisms on the surface of an article or in a fluid to prevent disease transmission.
– Inadequately sterilized critical items have a high risk of transmitting pathogens, but documented transmission is rare due to the wide margin of safety of sterilization processes.
– The sterility assurance level (SAL) is the probability of a single viable microorganism occurring on a product after sterilization.
– Critical items that have contact with sterile body tissues or fluids should be sterile to prevent disease transmission.
– Heat sterilization is recommended for heat-resistant items, while low-temperature sterilization technologies are used for heat- and moisture-sensitive items.
– A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used sterilization technologies is presented in Table 6.

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