Asphyxia Pallida: Understanding the Silent Killer of Newborns

JiangRuoan

List of Pertinent Information About ‘Asphyxia Pallida’:

1. Asphyxia is defined as a condition with a severe decrease in oxygen concentration in the body and an increase in carbon dioxide concentration.
2. Asphyxia can result in loss of consciousness or death.
3. Causes of asphyxia include choking, drowning, electric shock, injury, and inhaling toxic gases.
4. Foetal asphyxia refers to inadequate oxygenation and elimination of carbon dioxide in the womb.
5. Causes of intrauterine asphyxia include maternal factors like cardiac failure, pulmonary diseases, and anaesthetic agents causing hypotension, as well as placental and foetal factors.
6. Signs of foetal distress include changes in foetal heart rate, meconium stained amniotic fluid, foetal acidosis, increased foetal movements, and weak cord pulsation if the cord is prolapsed.
7. Management of foetal distress involves stopping oxytocin, placing the mother in a left lateral position, administering oxygen to the mother, and considering immediate delivery if conservative methods fail.
8. Asphyxia neonatorum can be caused by various factors including respiratory center paralysis or depression, respiratory distress syndrome, and obstructed air passages.
9. Diagnosis of asphyxia is based on clinical features.
10. Asphyxia pallida is a type/stage of asphyxia, with characteristics such as skin color, respiratory efforts, heart rate, muscle tone, reflexes, and prognosis.
11. The Apgar score is used to assess the newborn’s condition and response to resuscitation, evaluating factors such as heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflexes, and color.
12. Prophylaxis of asphyxia neonatorum involves proper antenatal care, intranatal monitoring, avoiding specific medications, minimizing exposure to anesthesia during labor, and clearing the air passages of the fetus after delivery.
13. Treatment of asphyxia follows the ABCD arrangement, including airway suctioning, stimulating breathing, mouth-to-mouth breathing, oxygen mask use, endotracheal intubation, cardiac massage, and administration of specific drugs.
14. No links are provided in the article.

Continue Reading

Cystitis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention Tips Unveiled

JiangRuoan

– Cystitis is a common type of urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly in women.
– Mild cases often get better without treatment.
– Symptoms in young children include high temperature, weakness, irritability, reduced appetite, and vomiting.
– Cystitis could lead to a more serious kidney infection in some cases.
– Some people may experience frequent episodes of cystitis and require regular or long-term treatment.
– Women between the ages of 16 and 65 can seek advice and treatment from a pharmacist through the Pharmacy First Scotland service.
– See a GP if symptoms don’t improve within a few days, if cystitis occurs frequently, if there is blood in the urine, if pregnant, if male and experiencing symptoms, or if a child has symptoms.
– Cystitis is caused by bacteria entering the bladder through the urethra.
– Common causes include sexual activity, improper wiping after using the toilet, inserting tampons or urinary catheters, and using a diaphragm for contraception.
– Treatments for cystitis may include antibiotics. The article provides information on how to treat and prevent cystitis. The treatment options for cystitis include taking paracetamol or ibuprofen, drinking plenty of water, holding a hot water bottle on the tummy or between the thighs, and avoiding having sex. Over-the-counter products that reduce the acidity of urine may be helpful, but there is a lack of evidence to support their effectiveness. In cases of recurring cystitis, a GP may prescribe antibiotics for immediate use or for continuous use over several months. To prevent cystitis, it is recommended to avoid using perfumed bubble bath, soap, or talcum powder around the genitals and to opt for plain, unperfumed varieties instead. Showering instead of bathing is also advised. It is important to empty the bladder fully and go to the toilet as soon as needed. Staying well hydrated and wiping from front to back when going to the toilet are also preventative measures. Other recommendations include emptying the bladder as soon as possible after having sex, using contraception instead of wearing underwear made from cotton instead of synthetic materials such as nylon, and avoiding tight jeans and trousers. Drinking cranberry juice has been traditionally recommended, but large studies suggest it does not make a significant difference in preventing cystitis.

Continue Reading

Understanding Annexitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options

JiangRuoan

– Adnexitis is inflammation of the ovaries or fallopian tubes.
– It can cause female infertility.
– Adnexitis is caused by ascending bacterial infections, such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and bacterial vaginosis, which are sexually transmitted diseases.
– Common symptoms of adnexitis include irregular and painful menstruation, vaginal discharge with strong or unpleasant odor, bleeding after intercourse, discomfort when urinating, high fever, and bleeding between periods.
– Complications of adnexitis can include chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancies, and female infertility.
– Treatment for adnexitis usually involves antibiotics, and it is important to complete the treatment even if symptoms improve.
– Prevention methods include using condoms, regular gynecological check-ups, tests for STDs, practicing good intimate and sexual hygiene, and abstaining from sexual intercourse.
– Bacteria reach the fallopian tubes and ovaries through the vagina.
– Young, sexually active women are at higher risk, especially during the menstrual period and with frequent partner swapping.
– Gynaecological procedures like using a spiral increase the risk.
– Symptoms include fever, lower abdominal pain, malaise, nausea, vomiting, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.
– Diagnosis is done through a gynaecological examination, with pain on palpation being typical.
– Chlamydia bacteria can be detected in vaginal smears.
– Ultrasound and blood tests may also be used.
– Treatment includes antibiotics, pain-relievers, and anti-inflammatory medication.
– Laparoscopy may be necessary if there are abscesses or peritoneal infection.
– If the inflammation is caused by an infected spiral, it must be removed.
– Untreated or late-treated inflammation can lead to infertility and growths in the fallopian tubes, increasing the risk of ectopic pregnancy.

Continue Reading

Fascinating Discoveries: Unveiling the Wonders of Foetal Membranes

JiangRuoan

Since there is no specific text provided, I will provide a list of keywords that are relevant to the topic of “foetal membranes”:

1. Fetal membranes
2. Placenta
3. Amniotic sac
4. Chorion
5. Amnion
6. Membrane rupture
7. Placental abruption
8. Placental pathology
9. Perinatal complications
10. Amniotic fluid
11. Fetal development
12. Umbilical cord
13. Preterm birth
14. Obstetrics
15. Gynecology

Please note that without specific text or article content, it can be difficult to curate a comprehensive list.

Continue Reading

Exploring GalactorrheaAmenorrhea Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

JiangRuoan

List of Pertinent Information about ‘Galactorrhea-Amenorrhea Syndrome’:
1. The most common cause of galactorrhea is a benign tumor on the pituitary gland, leading to excess prolactin production.
2. Other causes of galactorrhea include medication use, breast stimulation, thyroid disorders, chronic kidney disease, herbal supplement use, opioid use, and spinal cord injury.
3. Symptoms of galactorrhea include leaking a light white discharge from the nipples, amenorrhea, vaginal dryness, headache, reduced sex drive, new hair growth on the chest or chin, acne, and erectile dysfunction.
4. Galactorrhea is usually not life-threatening and can be treated effectively.
5. Galactorrhea does not directly cause weight gain, but increased prolactin and thyroid disorders are associated with weight gain.
6. The milk produced in galactorrhea is considered milk as it is produced by prolactin.
7. Galactorrhea in newborn babies is rare and usually resolves on its own.
8. Men or people assigned male at birth can also experience galactorrhea, often in association with gynecomastia or low testosterone.
9. ‘Galactorrhea-Amenorrhea Syndrome’ is associated with the combination of secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea.
10. There are two syndromes related to ‘Galactorrhea-Amenorrhea Syndrome’: Forbes-Albright syndrome and Chiari-Frommel syndrome.
11. Forbes-Albright syndrome involves a pituitary tumor, with or without prior pregnancy, while Chiari-Frommel syndrome occurs after pregnancy without a pituitary tumor.
12. Small pituitary adenomas can be difficult to identify clinically, and progression to a neoplastic syndrome has been observed.
13. A case study mentioned a mother and daughter with amenorrhea-galactorrhea associated with a pituitary adenoma.
14. The mother developed symptoms after pregnancy, while the daughter experienced amenorrhea following emotional trauma.
15. Both individuals had an enlarged sella turcica, and the presence of a tumor was confirmed through craniotomy.
16. The tumors resembled chromophobe adenomas but had fine eosinophilic granulation.
17. The nature of the reported case is uncertain as amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome has been described as part of a multiple endocrine adenomatosis syndrome.

Continue Reading