Empowering Women's Health: Insights from a Gynecologist
– Invasive mole
– Choriocarcinoma
– Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)
– Cancerous and non-cancerous GTD
– Abnormal cells
– Water-filled sacs
– Womb
– Molar pregnancy
– Cure rate
– Chemotherapy
– Choriocarcinoma after molar pregnancy
– 1 in 590 pregnancies (UK)
– 1 in 50,000 pregnancies
– Diagnosis difficulty
– Treatment options (chemotherapy, surgery)
– High cure rate
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– Vaginal atrophy refers to thinning, drying, and inflammation of the vaginal walls
– It is caused by a decrease in estrogen levels in the body
– Vaginal atrophy occurs most often after menopause
– It can make intercourse painful and cause distressing urinary symptoms
– Doctors use the term “genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM)” to describe vaginal atrophy and its symptoms.
– Adenomyosis
– Condition
– Tissue
– Uterus
– Muscular wall
– Menstrual cycles
– Thickening
– Breaking down
– Bleeding
– Enlarged uterus
– Painful periods
– Heavy periods
– Unknown cause
– Resolves after menopause
– Hormonal treatments
– Severe discomfort
– Hysterectomy
– Cure
– Adenocarcinoma is a subtype of carcinoma, the most common type of cancer.
– It develops in organs or other internal structures.
– Adenocarcinomas overtake healthy tissue inside an organ and may spread to other parts of the body.
– Risk factors for adenocarcinoma vary depending on the specific cancer type.
– Smoking is a risk factor that applies to all adenocarcinomas.
– Lung adenocarcinoma is the primary cause of death from cancer in the US and smoking is the biggest risk factor.
– Other risk factors for lung adenocarcinoma include exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution, and family history.
– Prostate adenocarcinoma risk increases with age, particularly after age 50, and men of African ancestry are at higher risk. Family history and genetic mutations are also associated risk factors.
– Pancreatic adenocarcinoma risk increases with age, with most cases found in patients older than 65. Men, African-Americans, and those with family history or genetic mutations for chronic pancreatitis are at higher risk.
– Esophageal adenocarcinoma is more common in men and risk increases with age.
– Common risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma include diet high in processed meat, frequent drinking of extremely hot liquids, tobacco use, alcohol use, obesity, family history, history of lung, mouth or throat cancer, HPV infection, injury to the esophagus, GERD, Barrett’s esophagus, achalasia, tylosis, and Plummer-Vinson syndrome.
– Colorectal adenocarcinoma risk factors include age, gender, family history, diet low in fiber and high in fat and processed meats, physical inactivity, obesity, alcohol use, tobacco use, and inflammatory bowel disease.
– Breast adenocarcinoma risk factors include family history of the disease, inherited genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2), age, early menstruation, menopause after age 55, dense breast tissue, history of breast or ovarian cancer, prior radiation treatment to the chest area, alcohol use, obesity after menopause, physical inactivity, use of hormone replacement therapy or birth control, never having carried a full-term pregnancy or having the first child after age 30, not breastfeeding, and exposure to the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES).
– Gastric adenocarcinoma risk factors include age, long-term Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, excess weight or obesity, diet high in processed meat, alcohol and tobacco use, previous stomach surgeries, stomach polyps known as adenomas, Menetrier disease, type A blood, common variable immune deficiency (CVID), previous Epstein-Barr virus infection, and inherited conditions such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC; Lynch syndrome), familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), gastric adenoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS).
Symptoms and Diagnosis:
– Symptoms of adenocarcinoma in various organs include fatigue, cough, bloody sputum, shortness of breath, hoarseness, loss of appetite, weight loss, weakness, chest pain, frequent urination, difficulty emptying the bladder, weak urine flow, blood in the urine, erectile dysfunction, painful or burning urination, jaundice, dark urine, light or greasy stools, itchiness, abdominal or back pain, nausea, vomiting, enlarged liver or gallbladder, blood clots, difficulty swallowing, chest pressure, heartburn, vomiting, coughing, pain behind the breastbone or in throat, changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain or cramping, lump in the breast or under the armpit, breast swelling, skin irritation or dimpling, nipple discharge, changes in breast size or shape, diminished appetite, weight loss, abdominal pain or discomfort, heartburn, nausea, vomiting (possibly with blood), abdominal bloating, bloody stool, anemia,
List:
– Septic shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when blood pressure drops to a dangerously low level after an infection.
– The infection can be caused by any type of bacteria, as well as fungi and viruses.
– People with weakened immune systems are more at risk of septic shock.
– Treatment typically involves admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) for organ support and infection treatment.
– Treatment may include oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, medication to increase blood flow, antibiotics, and in severe cases, surgery.
– Oxygen therapy can be administered through a mask, tube, or ventilator.
– Intravenous fluids help raise blood pressure by increasing fluid volume.
– Inotropic medicines stimulate the heart to increase blood flow to organs.
– Vasopressors narrow blood vessels to increase blood pressure and improve organ function.
– Antibiotics are used to treat associated bacterial infections, with the specific type depending on the infection and its location.
– Surgery may be necessary in severe cases to address the significant decrease in blood pressure and blood flow.
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in the body. It is most commonly used to treat cancer.
There are many different chemotherapy drugs available and they can be used alone or in combination to treat various types of cancers.
Chemotherapy treatment also carries the risk of side effects, some of which may be mild and treatable while others can be serious complications.
Chemotherapy may be used in different settings for people with cancer:
1. As the primary or sole treatment for cancer.
2. After other treatments, such as surgery, to kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. To shrink a tumor before other treatments, such as radiation or surgery.
4. To relieve signs and symptoms of cancer by killing some cancer cells (palliative chemotherapy).
Furthermore, some chemotherapy drugs have been found to be useful in treating other conditions like bone marrow diseases and immune system disorders.
The side effects of chemotherapy drugs vary, with each drug causing different side effects.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, loss of appetite, fatigue, fever, mouth sores, pain, constipation, easy bruising, and bleeding.
These side effects can be prevented or treated, and most subside after treatment ends.
Late side effects of chemotherapy can include lung damage, heart problems, infertility, kidney problems, nerve damage, and the risk of developing a second cancer.
Before starting chemotherapy, patients may need to have a device, such as a catheter, port, or pump, surgically inserted if receiving intravenous chemotherapy.
Tests and procedures, including blood tests to check kidney and liver functions and heart tests, may also be conducted to ensure the body is ready for chemotherapy.
Seeing a dentist to check for signs of infection is recommended, as some chemotherapy drugs can weaken the body’s ability to fight infections.
Planning ahead for side effects is also important, such as considering options for preserving sperm or eggs if infertility is a potential side effect, or preparing for hair loss by arranging for head coverings.
Most chemotherapy treatments are given in outpatient clinics, allowing people to continue their usual activities.
The choice of chemotherapy drugs is based on factors such as the type and stage of cancer, overall health, and previous treatments.
Chemotherapy drugs can be given through infusions, pills, shots, creams, or applied directly to specific areas of the body.
The frequency of chemotherapy treatments depends on the specific drugs, the characteristics of the cancer, and how well the body recovers after each treatment.
Chemotherapy treatments can be received in an outpatient chemotherapy unit, doctor’s office, hospital, or at home.
During treatment, the patient will regularly meet with their oncologist to discuss side effects and undergo scans and tests to monitor the cancer’s response.
Clinical trials are being conducted at Mayo Clinic to explore tests and procedures for preventing, detecting, treating, or managing conditions related to chemotherapy.
– Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta covers all or part of the opening to the cervical opening at the top of the vagina
– Occurs in about 1 in 200 pregnancies
– Can cause serious bleeding and complications later in pregnancy
– Risk factors include previous c-section, in vitro fertilization, smoking, cocaine use, age 35 or older, previous pregnancies, multiple pregnancies, and previous episodes of placenta previa
– Symptoms may include painless bleeding from the vagina during the second half of pregnancy and contractions
– Diagnosis is typically done through a routine ultrasound test
– Placenta previa can be detected through ultrasound, including transvaginal ultrasound and translabial ultrasound
– Three-dimensional ultrasound may also be used
– Placenta previa can be found in the second trimester even without vaginal bleeding
– Treatment depends on the stage of pregnancy, severity of bleeding, and the health of the mother and baby
– C-section is recommended for nearly everyone with placenta previa to prevent severe bleeding
– Early in pregnancy with no symptoms may require no treatment but follow-up ultrasounds
– Bleeding as a result of placenta previa requires close monitoring in the hospital
– Blood transfusions may be given if there is excessive bleeding
– Corticosteroids may be given to help with baby’s lung development in case of preterm delivery
– Severe bleeding at 34 to 36 weeks may require an immediate c-section
– Amniocentesis may be performed at 36 to 37 weeks to test for fully developed lungs in the baby
– Certain activities should be avoided with placenta previa, including orgasm-inducing sex, vaginal penetration or examinations, moderate/strenuous exercise, lifting more than 20 pounds, and standing for more than four hours
– Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of a woman’s reproductive organs
– PID is often caused by STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhea
– Other non-sexually transmitted infections can also cause PID
– Factors that increase the risk of PID include having an untreated STD, having multiple sex partners, having a partner with other sex partners, a history of PID, being sexually active and under the age of 25, douching, and using an intrauterine device for birth control
– To reduce the risk of getting PID, it is recommended to practice abstinence or have sex in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship and use condoms correctly
– There are no specific tests for PID, and diagnosis is based on medical history, physical examination, and other test results
– Symptoms of PID can include lower abdominal pain, fever, unusual discharge with a bad odor from the vagina, pain or bleeding during sex, burning sensation during urination, and bleeding between periods
– It is important to see a doctor if these symptoms occur, if there is a suspicion of an STD, or if there are any genital symptoms
– PID can be cured with early diagnosis and treatment, but damage to the reproductive system cannot be reversed
– It is crucial to complete the full course of antibiotics and inform recent sex partners for testing and treatment
– PID can be transmitted to a sexual partner, so it is important for both partners to receive treatment
– If PID is not treated early, it can lead to complications such as scar tissue formation in the fallopian tubes, which can cause blockages
– Other complications include ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb), infertility, and long-term pelvic or abdominal pain
– Ways to reduce the risk of getting PID include abstaining from vaginal, anal, or oral sex, being in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has tested negative for STDs, and using latex condoms correctly
– Diagnosis of PID is usually based on medical history, physical examination, and other test results
– It is important to see a doctor if any symptoms of PID occur or if there is a suspicion of STD exposure
– PID can be cured if diagnosed early, but treatment cannot reverse damage already done to the reproductive system
– Partners should also be informed to get tested and treated for STDs
– Having had PID before increases the chances of getting it again
– Early treatment of PID can prevent complications such as the formation of scar tissue outside and inside the fallopian tubes, which can lead to tubal blockage