Empowering Women's Health: Insights from a Gynecologist
Inevitably sparking intense debates and vigorous discussions, the topic of abortion has long been a subject of controversy. The heated arguments surrounding this issue continue to captivate and polarize societies worldwide. Brace yourself as we delve into this complex matter, exploring different perspectives and shedding light on the multifaceted nature of abortion. abortion Abortion is […]
Continue Reading
– Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
– proteins in the blood clot abnormally
– caused by inflammation, infection, or cancer
– small blood clots block blood supply to organs
– lack of blood flow causes organ injury
– clotting proteins in the blood are consumed, leading to high risk of serious bleeding
– spontaneous bleeding without injury
– fragmentation and breakage of healthy red blood cells
– risk factors for DIC: certain medical conditions, surgery, trauma, severe infection, complications during pregnancy
– chest pain, shortness of breath, leg pain, problems speaking or moving body parts
– bleeding may occur, including blood in the urine, stool, or skin
– common causes of DIC: sepsis, surgery, trauma, cancer, complications of pregnancy
– diagnosis based on blood tests: low platelets, low fibrinogen, high INR, high D-dimer
– treatment focuses on underlying condition: platelets, cryoprecipitate, fresh frozen plasma
– heparin may be useful in slowly developing form of DIC
– approximately 1% of hospital admissions are affected by DIC
– rates of DIC in sepsis range from 20% to 50%
– risk of death from DIC varies from 20% to 50%
– multiorgan failure and widespread bleeding in DIC
– DIC can occur in various conditions: liver disease, HELLP syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, malignant hypertension
– dysregulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in DIC
– tissue factor release is critical mediator of DIC
– poor prognosis and high mortality rate
– thrombocytopenia in DIC may be caused by Ashwell-Morell receptor
– diagnostic markers for DIC: prolonged prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, declining platelet count, high fibrin degradation products, fragmented red blood cells
– scoring system for diagnosis and management of DIC
– treatment: address underlying condition, transfusions, cryoprecipitate, heparin rarely used, recombinant human activated protein C withdrawn, evidence for recombinant factor VII insufficient
– prognosis varies, 20-50% of patients with DIC will die
– DIC observed in approximately 1% of hospital admissions
– DIC more frequent in people with bacterial sepsis, severe trauma, and cancer
Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix
Lower, narrow end of the uterus
Opens into the vagina
Symptoms:
– Bleeding between menstrual periods
– Pain during intercourse or pelvic exam
– Abnormal vaginal discharge
Causes of cervicitis:
– Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea
– Noninfectious causes
– Allergic reactions to contraceptives or latex in condoms
– Allergic reactions to feminine hygiene products
Risk factors:
– High-risk sexual behavior
– Early age of sexual intercourse
– History of STIs
Complications:
– Pelvic inflammatory disease
– Fertility problems if left untreated
– Increased risk of getting HIV
Prevention:
– Consistent and correct use of condoms
– Being in a committed, monogamous relationship
Location and structure of the cervix:
– Located inside the pelvic cavity, 3 to 6 inches inside the vaginal canal
– Begins at the base of the uterus and extends downward onto the top part of the vagina
– Wider in the middle and narrows at both ends (opens into the uterus and vagina)
– Consists of the internal OS, endocervical canal, ectocervix, and external OS
– Transformation zone (TZ) is the most common site for abnormal cell growth
– About an inch long and varies in size
– Texture and location change during the menstrual cycle
– Made of fibromuscular tissue, lined with glandular cells and squamous cells
– Contains different cell types, including those covering the outermost part of the cervix and vagina
– Transitional zone (TZ) is the focus of screenings for cervical cancer
List of pertinent terms for the keyword ‘bpd’:
– government funding
– NIH Clinical Center
– research hospital
– NIH (National Institutes of Health)
– operating status
– cc.nih.gov
– updates
– OPM.gov
– lapse in government funding
List of Pertinent Information:
1. “Malignant” is a 2021 American horror film directed by James Wan and written by Akela Cooper.
2. The film stars Annabelle Wallis and follows a woman who experiences visions of people being murdered, only to discover that the events are happening in real life.
3. Released in the United States on September 10, 2021, by Warner Bros. Pictures.
4. Available to stream on HBO Max.
5. Grossed $34 million at the box office.
6. Positive reviews from critics.
7. The plot involves a violent patient named Gabriel who can control electricity and broadcast his thoughts.
8. Madison, the main character, is accused of committing murders while her biological mother, Serena May, is taken to a hospital.
9. Madison’s parasitic twin brother, Gabriel, is the culprit behind the murders. Gabriel’s body was partially removed from Madison’s back, but his brain remains inside her skull.
10. Gabriel takes control of Madison’s body, causing unnatural movements and leaving upside-down handprints at crime scenes.
11. Madison regains control and locks Gabriel away in her mind.
12. The movie was produced from September 24, 2019, to December 8, 2019.
13. Theatrical release dates: September 1, 2021, in select international markets and September 10, 2021, in the United States.
14. Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures under the New Line Cinema banner.
15. Originally scheduled for release on August 14, 2020, but delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
16. Streamed on HBO Max for one month as part of Warner Bros.’ 2021 film plan.
17. Also released through video-on-demand on October 22, 2021.
18. Blu-ray and DVD release on November 30, 2021, and 4K release on May 24, 2022.
19. Streamed by 753,000 U.S. households in its first weekend and watched in over 1.6 million U.S. households by the end of its first month.
20. Box office earnings: $13.4 million in the United States and Canada, $21.5 million in other territories, and a worldwide total of $34.9 million.
21. Opening weekend projection: $5-9 million from 3,500 theaters. Debut earnings of $5.6 million, finishing third at the box office.
22. Positive critical response with a 76% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a Metacritic score of 51 out of 100.
23. Average grade of “C” on CinemaScore and 59% positive score on PostTrak.
24. Various notable reviews from film critics with a range of opinions about the movie, including positive and negative reviews.
25. Some critics suggest the film could be intended as parody or self-parody, taking tropes from director James Wan’s earlier works to extreme lengths.
– Hydrocephalus is a neurological disorder caused by an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain
– Symptoms in infants include rapid head size increase, bulge on the soft spot, vomiting, and seizures
– Symptoms in older children and adults include headache, blurred or double vision, nausea or vomiting, and problems with balance
– It is estimated that one to two out of every 1,000 babies are born with hydrocephalus
– Factors that increase the risk of hydrocephalus include brain or spinal cord tumors, infections, and injuries or strokes that cause bleeding in the brain
– There are different types of hydrocephalus, including communicating hydrocephalus, non-communicating hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH), and hydrocephalus ex-vacuo
– Hydrocephalus is diagnosed through a clinical neurological exam and brain imaging techniques
– Treatment for hydrocephalus involves surgery, with options including inserting a shunt into the brain to drain excess fluid or performing endoscopic third ventriculostomy
– Hydrocephalus can have long-term complications if left untreated, prompt diagnosis and treatment are important
– Rehabilitation therapies, educational interventions, and support from healthcare professionals are important for individuals with hydrocephalus
– The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research and clinical studies to find better ways to prevent, treat, and cure hydrocephalus
– NINDS supports the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN) to study improved treatments for hydrocephalus
– Research topics include cellular mechanisms, gene mutations, brain nerve networks, and neural stem cell behavior related to hydrocephalus
– New imaging methods are being developed to determine if shunt surgery can improve cognitive and motor difficulties associated with hydrocephalus
– Shunt malfunctions are common, and researchers are working on developing a safe and cost-effective method for diagnosing shunt malfunctions using ultrasound
– Shunts carry a high risk of infection, and scientists are researching microorganisms present in CSF during shunt placement, revision, and infection to improve prevention and treatment
– More information on hydrocephalus research supported by NINDS and other NIH Institutes and Centers can be found using NIH RePORTER
– The article suggests participating in clinical trials to help further research and improve care for people with hydrocephalus. It provides links to resources for finding clinical trials related to hydrocephalus
– A Pap smear, also known as a Pap test, is a procedure used to test for cervical cancer in women.
– It involves collecting cells from the cervix, the lower end of the uterus.
– Detecting cervical cancer early through a Pap smear increases the chance of a cure.
– A Pap smear can also detect changes in cervical cells that may indicate future cancer development.
– It is usually done in conjunction with a pelvic exam.
– In women over 30, the Pap test may be combined with a test for human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection that can cause cervical cancer.
– Doctors generally recommend beginning Pap testing at age 21.
– For women ages 21 to 65, Pap testing is usually repeated every three years.
– Women over 30 may consider Pap testing every five years if combined with HPV testing or opt for HPV testing instead.
– Certain risk factors, such as a diagnosis of cervical cancer, exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES), HIV infection, weakened immune system, or a history of smoking, may require more frequent Pap smears regardless of age.
– After a total hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus and cervix), the need for ongoing Pap smears should be discussed with a doctor.
– Pap smears are a safe way to screen for cervical cancer.
– False-negative results are possible due to factors such as inadequate collection of cells or blood or inflammatory cells obscuring the abnormal cells.
– Cervical cancer takes several years to develop, so if one test doesn’t detect abnormal cells, the next test likely will.
– Tips for preparing for a Pap smear include avoiding intercourse, douching, or using vaginal medicines or spermicidal products before the test.
– Scheduling a Pap smear during menstrual periods is not recommended.
– A Pap smear is a medical procedure performed in a doctor’s office.
– The patient may be asked to undress and lie down on an exam table with their knees bent.
– A speculum is inserted into the vagina to hold the walls apart and allow the doctor to see the cervix.
– Samples of cervical cells are taken using a soft brush and spatula.
– After the Pap smear, the patient can go about their day without restrictions.
– The samples collected may be examined under a microscope in a laboratory.
– Abnormal results may include atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), atypical glandular cells, and squamous cell cancer or adenocarcinoma cells.
– Further testing may be necessary to determine the significance of abnormal cells.
– Colposcopy may be performed using a colposcope to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva.
– A tissue sample (biopsy) may be taken for further analysis and diagnosis.
– A skin abscess is a tender mass surrounded by a colored area, usually caused by infections.
– Abscesses are filled with pus, bacteria, and debris.
– Abscesses are painful and warm to touch.
– Abscesses can occur anywhere on the body.
– Common sites for abscesses include armpits, areas around the anus and vagina, base of the spine, around a tooth, and in the groin.
– Inflammation around a hair follicle can also lead to the formation of an abscess, known as a boil.
– Antibiotics alone will not usually cure an abscess.
– Abscesses must open and drain in order to improve.
– Draining can occur naturally or with the help of a warm compress or a doctor using a procedure called incision and drainage (I&D).
– An abscess is a pocket of pus that can form anywhere in or on the body.
– Pus, which is made up of white blood cells, germs, fluid, and dead tissue, fills the pocket, creating an abscess.
– There are different types of abscesses, including skin abscesses and abscesses in the mouth.
– Skin abscesses commonly occur in the armpit and breast, often associated with conditions like hidradenitis suppurativa or untreated breast infections.
– Anorectal abscesses are located under the skin around the anus or rectum, and a pilonidal abscess occurs in the crease of the buttocks.
– Mouth abscesses can affect the teeth, gums, and throat. Tooth abscesses can be either gingival abscesses, which develop in the gums, or periapical abscesses, which form at the tip of the root of a tooth.
– Periodontal abscess affects the bones and tissues that support teeth and is usually caused by gum disease or periodontitis.
– Tonsillar abscess is a pocket of pus behind one of the tonsils and is most common in adolescents and young adults.
– Peritonsillar abscess, also known as quinsy, is a buildup of pus between the tonsils and the wall of the throat.
– Retropharyngeal abscess is an abscess in the back of the throat, developing when infected lymph nodes in the throat become infected.
– Internal abscesses are less common and can develop on the spinal cord, brain, and other organs. They are harder to diagnose and treat compared to external abscesses.
– Symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy usually develop between the 4th and 12th weeks of pregnancy
– Main symptoms include missed period, positive pregnancy test, and other signs of pregnancy
– Vaginal bleeding during ectopic pregnancy may be watery and dark brown in color
– Tummy pain, typically low down on one side, can develop suddenly or gradually
– Shoulder tip pain, felt where the shoulder ends and the arm begins, can be a sign of internal bleeding in ectopic pregnancy
– Discomfort when going to the toilet, including pain or pressure in the bottom, pain when going for a pee, and diarrhea, may occur
– These symptoms may also be caused by urinary tract infections and stomach bugs, but medical advice should be sought if pregnant and experiencing these symptoms
– An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus.
– It most often occurs in a fallopian tube, but can also occur in other areas of the body such as the ovary, abdominal cavity, or the lower part of the uterus (cervix).
– If left untreated, it can cause life-threatening bleeding.
List of pertinent terms related to the keyword ‘benign’:
1. Harmless
2. Noncancerous
3. Innocuous
4. Mild
5. Gentle
6. Safe
7. Benign tumor
8. Benign conditions
9. Benign growths
10. Benign prognosis