Tag: inflammation

Understanding Annexitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Options

JiangRuoan

– Adnexitis is inflammation of the ovaries or fallopian tubes.
– It can cause female infertility.
– Adnexitis is caused by ascending bacterial infections, such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and bacterial vaginosis, which are sexually transmitted diseases.
– Common symptoms of adnexitis include irregular and painful menstruation, vaginal discharge with strong or unpleasant odor, bleeding after intercourse, discomfort when urinating, high fever, and bleeding between periods.
– Complications of adnexitis can include chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancies, and female infertility.
– Treatment for adnexitis usually involves antibiotics, and it is important to complete the treatment even if symptoms improve.
– Prevention methods include using condoms, regular gynecological check-ups, tests for STDs, practicing good intimate and sexual hygiene, and abstaining from sexual intercourse.
– Bacteria reach the fallopian tubes and ovaries through the vagina.
– Young, sexually active women are at higher risk, especially during the menstrual period and with frequent partner swapping.
– Gynaecological procedures like using a spiral increase the risk.
– Symptoms include fever, lower abdominal pain, malaise, nausea, vomiting, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.
– Diagnosis is done through a gynaecological examination, with pain on palpation being typical.
– Chlamydia bacteria can be detected in vaginal smears.
– Ultrasound and blood tests may also be used.
– Treatment includes antibiotics, pain-relievers, and anti-inflammatory medication.
– Laparoscopy may be necessary if there are abscesses or peritoneal infection.
– If the inflammation is caused by an infected spiral, it must be removed.
– Untreated or late-treated inflammation can lead to infertility and growths in the fallopian tubes, increasing the risk of ectopic pregnancy.

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Prostaglandin: A Key Regulator of Inflammation and Pain

JiangRuoan

List of pertinent information about prostaglandins:

1. Prostaglandins are produced in nearly all cells and are part of the body’s response to injury and illness.
2. They act as signals to control various processes depending on the location where they are made.
3. Prostaglandins cause inflammation, pain, and fever at sites of tissue damage or infection.
4. They play a role in blood clotting, regulating blood flow, and controlling muscle contraction and relaxation in the gut and airways.
5. Prostaglandins are involved in regulating the female reproductive system, including ovulation, menstrual cycle, and labor induction.
6. The production of prostaglandins is controlled by two enzymes: cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2.
7. Prostaglandins carry out their actions by interacting with specific receptors in different organs throughout the body.
8. Prostaglandins have a short lifespan and are quickly broken down by the body.
9. High levels of prostaglandins are produced in response to injury or infection, causing inflammation and symptoms such as redness, swelling, pain, and fever.
10. Excess and chronic production of prostaglandins can contribute to various diseases.
11. Drugs that block cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) can be used to treat conditions such as arthritis, heavy menstrual bleeding, and painful menstrual cramps. These drugs may also have a beneficial effect in treating certain types of cancer, although research is ongoing.
12. Anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen work by blocking cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin levels and relieving inflammation.
13. Aspirin can also prevent unwanted blood clotting.
14. Prostaglandins can be administered to increase levels in the body for specific purposes, such as inducing labor, treating stomach ulcers, glaucoma, and congenital heart disease in newborns.
15. Ongoing research may lead to new treatments for various conditions.

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