Empowering Women's Health: Insights from a Gynecologist
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– Abdominal salpingectomy is the elective removal of both fallopian tubes during another abdominal surgery, such as gallbladder surgery, hernia operation, cesarean birth, or hysterectomy.
– The procedure is done to prevent cancer of the fallopian tube, ovary, or peritoneum.
– Salpingectomy may be recommended for the management of ectopic pregnancy, where a fertilized egg grows outside of the uterus and can cause life-threatening bleeding.
– Salpingectomy is also a method of permanent birth control, along with tubal ligation, but salpingectomy is more effective for contraception and has greater benefits in terms of cancer prevention.
– Some forms of ovarian cancer may start in the fallopian tubes, and removing the fallopian tubes can lower the risk of ovarian cancer, especially for individuals who do not desire future pregnancy.
– People with a hereditary risk of cancer, including those with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations or those associated with Lynch syndrome, have a higher lifetime risk of ovarian cancer. Abdominal salpingectomy is the recommended standard of care for people between the ages of 35 to 50 to lower the risk of ovarian cancer. It can also be beneficial for individuals without a known risk factor for ovarian cancer.
– Salpingectomy can be done at the same time as another planned abdominal surgery, such as gallbladder removal or hernia surgery. This is called opportunistic salpingectomy and is recommended for people who do not have a hereditary risk of ovarian cancer.
– Salpingectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the fallopian tubes.
– It can be done as either an endoscopic abdominal procedure (laparoscopic or robotic) or an open abdominal procedure.
– Laparoscopic salpingectomy requires three small incisions.
– The surgeon uses surgical instruments such as forceps to detach the fallopian tubes from the ovary and uterus.
– Recovery time typically takes one to three weeks, but it may be longer after a cesarean section or childbirth.
– Salpingectomy is effective for contraception right away and does not require additional contraceptive methods.
– The procedure does not protect against sexually transmitted infections, so condom use is still necessary.
– Laparoscopic salpingectomy is generally low risk, but rare complications may occur.
– Adenomyosis is a condition where the tissue that lines the uterus grows into the muscular wall of the uterus
– It causes the uterus to thicken and enlarge, sometimes up to double or triple its normal size
– Symptoms of adenomyosis include painful periods, heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding with clotting, and abdominal/pelvic pain
– Many women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB) may not be aware they have adenomyosis because it doesn’t always cause symptoms
– The exact prevalence of adenomyosis is unknown
– Adenomyosis is more common in people who have had a procedure on their uterus and those who are older than 40
– Approximately 2% to 5% of adolescents with severely painful cycles have adenomyosis
– Cervical agenesis
– Congenital disorder
– Absence of cervix
– Deformation of cervix
– Connecting structure between uterus and vagina
– Early adolescence
– Amenorrhea
– Cyclic pelvic pain
– Hematocolpos
– Endometriosis
– Pelvic adhesions
– Fetal development
– Paramesonephric duct
– Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
– Ultrasound
– Hormonal therapy
– Surgery
– Poor surgery outcomes
– Vaginal deformities
– Obstruction of menstrual flow
– Hematosalpinx
– Endometrioma
– Oral contraceptives
– Hysterectomy
– Neovaginoplasty
– Recanalization of cervix
– Low success rate
– 1 in 80,000 females
– Congenital absence of vagina
– Vaginal agenesis
– Diagnosis and treatment options for vaginal agenesis
– External and internal exams for vaginal agenesis diagnosis
– Ultrasounds and MRIs for vaginal agenesis diagnosis
– Karyotyping for identifying genetic causes of vaginal agenesis
– Delayed treatment for vaginal agenesis
– Patient’s choice in timing and readiness for treatment
– Creating a vagina with vaginal dilators
– American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ recommendation of vaginal dilators
– Frequency, consistency, and pressure in dilation for successful treatment
– Normal orgasmic function in vaginal agenesis
– Natural or assisted lubrication in vaginal agenesis
– Anomalies of the Reproductive Tract medical center
– Specialization in treating females with vaginal agenesis
– Multidisciplinary team at the medical center
– Testing, treatment, counseling, and follow-up services at the medical center
– Center for Young Women’s Health (CYWH)
– Combination of Gynecology and Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine divisions at CYWH
– Empowering young women through programs, resources, and services at CYWH
– Team approach with doctors, nurses, and social workers at CYWH
– Accurate diagnoses and exceptional care at CYWH
– Vaginal dilators as the first choice of treatment for vaginal agenesis
– Use of dilators twice a day for 15 to 20 minutes
– Success rate of vaginal dilatation dependent on consistent and frequent use
– No impact on orgasmic function or lubrication in vaginal agenesis
– Water-based lubricant for intercourse if necessary
– CYWH’s focus on addressing physical and emotional effects of vaginal agenesis
– Provision of up-to-date information on gynecology, sexuality and health, development, fitness and nutrition, and emotional health at CYWH.
List:
1. Vaginal Atresia
2. Bardet-Biedl syndrome
3. Fraser syndrome
4. Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome
5. Vision loss
6. Obesity
7. Kidney problems
8. Intellectual disorders
9. Skin-covered eyes
10. Joined fingers and toes
11. Abnormalities of the urinary tract
12. Underdeveloped or absent vagina and uterus
13. Kidney anomalies
14. Cloacal malformation
15. Surgical treatment
16. Vaginal replacement techniques
List of pertinent information about the cavity of the uterus (no duplications):
– The uterine cavity is the inside portion of the uterus.
– It is triangular in shape and formed by the internal surface of the body of the uterus.
– The base of the cavity is located between the openings of the fallopian tubes.
– The apex is the internal opening of the uterus that connects to the cervix.
– The part of the uterine cavity that enters the openings of the fallopian tubes is a narrow, flattened area.
– Abnormalities of the womb or congenital uterine abnormalities refer to women who have a womb that is different in shape or size from the norm.
– These abnormalities can be discovered during an ultrasound scan or if a woman experiences miscarriage, bleeding, or difficulties conceiving.
– Women with womb abnormalities may have an increased risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, or fertility problems depending on the shape of the womb.
– Women with bicornuate wombs have a slightly higher risk of miscarriage and preterm birth.
– Women with a unicornate womb have half the size of a normal womb and an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, late miscarriage, or preterm birth.
– Women with a didelphic womb, which is split in two, may have a small increased risk of preterm birth.
– Women with a septate/subseptate womb may have an increased risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, or fertility problems.
– Septate wombs may cause difficulties with conception.
– Septate wombs have an increased risk of early miscarriage and preterm birth.
– Babies in later pregnancy with septate wombs may not be in a head-down position, leading to a higher likelihood of needing a C-section.
– Many women with congenital uterine abnormalities, like a septate uterus, are not aware of their condition.
– Surgery to resect the septum before pregnancy is common for women with a septate uterus, but it was not recommended by the consultant in this case.
– Despite having a complete septate uterus, the woman in the case was able to carry her baby to term but had an elective C-section because the baby was breech.
– An arcuate womb has a dip at the top but resembles a normal womb.
– Having an arcuate womb does not increase the risk of preterm birth or early miscarriage.
– An arcuate womb may increase the risk of late miscarriage.
– Babies in later pregnancy with an arcuate womb may not be in a head-down position, increasing the likelihood of needing a C-section.
– IUD can be partially expelled from the uterus, and the user may not be aware of it.
– The rates of IUD expulsion range between 0.05% and 8%.
– Factors that can affect the possibility of expulsion include age, pregnancy history, time since insertion, and insertion technique.
– Rates of expulsion are higher during the first three months and during periods.
– If experiencing severe pain, abnormal bleeding or discharge, or fever, it is recommended to make an appointment with a healthcare provider.
– Discomfort in the first few days after insertion is normal, but worsening or persistent pain may require medical attention.
– The article provides information about what to do if an IUD (intrauterine device) has been expelled from the body.
– If the IUD is not in its proper place, it may not effectively prevent pregnancy.
– It advises contacting a healthcare provider as soon as possible and making an appointment if there is severe pain, inability to find the strings of the IUD, abnormal string length, or if the IUD can be felt poking out.
– The article recommends a routine check-up after six weeks of IUD insertion to ensure good health.
– The chance of IUD expulsion happening again is slightly higher for women who have experienced it before.
– If an intrauterine device (IUD) falls out, do not try to put it back in and contact a healthcare provider immediately.
– IUD is a small, T-shaped device that provides long-term and effective birth control.
– There are two types of IUDs: hormonal IUDs that release progestin and last three to five years, and copper IUDs that start working immediately and can remain effective for up to 10 years.
– The IUD is inserted by a healthcare provider, usually during the period, and takes around five to 15 minutes.
– Mild discomfort and cramping may be experienced during and after the insertion.
– Reasons for an IUD falling out include being under 20 years old, not having been pregnant, recent childbirth, abortion, experiencing heavy, painful, or prolonged periods, or being on your period.
– The reasons for IUD expulsion are unclear but not associated with exercise, sex, or going to the bathroom.
– Women can check their IUD to ensure it is in place and not starting to fall out.
– Signs that indicate an IUD has moved or been expelled include shorter or longer strings, inability to find the strings, feeling the IUD against the cervix, pain, discomfort, severe cramps, heavy or abnormal bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge, and fever if an infection has occurred.
– Backup birth control should be used, such as condoms, as pregnancy can occur after expulsion.
– The article also suggests alternative forms of birth control such as the pill, patch, ring, and shot, as well as barrier methods.
– Additionally, it mentions other side effects of IUDs, including cramping, irregular bleeding, longer and heavier periods, premenstrual syndrome symptoms, pelvic infection, and rarely, perforation of the uterus.
– IUDs do not protect against sexually transmitted infections.
– Uterine hypoplasia is a condition where a girl is born with a small uterus
– It is a congenital disorder present at birth
– The cause of abnormal fetal development leading to uterine hypoplasia is unknown
– Uterine hypoplasia may be a symptom of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH), which involves underdeveloped or absent uterus and vagina
– Symptoms may include failure to start periods, abdominal pain, and a small or no vaginal opening
– Diagnosis is often not made until puberty when a girl fails to start having periods and visits a doctor
– Diagnosis involves a medical history, physical exam, pelvic exam, blood tests, ultrasound, and MRI
– Treatment depends on the individual and her symptoms
– Ovarian tumors can be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant).
– Symptoms of ovarian tumors include stomach bloating, increased belly size, stomach or pelvic pain, constipation, difficulty urinating or urinating frequently, feeling full more quickly, painful cramps during menstruation, lower back pain, nausea or vomiting, pain during sex, and vaginal bleeding after menopause.
– The causes of ovarian tumors are still being studied.
– There are two broad categories of ovarian tumors: benign and malignant.
– Benign tumors can develop into malignant tumors if left untreated.
– Types of ovarian tumors include surface epithelial tumors, stromal tumors, and germ cell tumors.
– Ovarian tumors can be classified into four stages if they are malignant: Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV.
– Risk factors for ovarian tumors include age, family history, genetic mutations (BRCA1 or BRCA2), and obesity.
– Women who have never conceived and carried a pregnancy or have done so after age 35 may have an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
– Continuous use of estrogen after menopause can also increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
– The reason for ovarian tumors forming is unknown, so prevention methods are currently unknown.
– To lower the risk of ovarian cancer, steps that can be taken include eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, not smoking, and taking birth control pills.
– The information in the article is for educational purposes only and should not replace advice from a healthcare provider.